The same thing happen to me on an engine I bought, but it knocked a hole in the water jacket. The guy that orginaly pulled it out of the truck said it ran fine. I don't know how it didn't finish blowing out the block.
We just fixed a truck that did the same thing as yours, had head gaskets done and the bridge between the two valves was not on all the way on one valve. Ran for several thousand miles till the keepers came off and valve dropped!
Sure it didn't shear the cam or crank pin?
I'll have to ask tony what it was set at. I know it was higher than 4200. That's what duramax tuner had it set at. It might have been high. I never intentionally over revved it but it broke loose a few times and rapped up pretty fast and I let out of it.
Each tune has the "Throttle Table" set to a different RPM, your three smallest tunes are limited to 4K rpms, the two bigger tunes go to 4200 rpms and that is the ecm REV LIMITER setting.
I would guess weak springs or incorrect spring height, revving it to 4200 would not be an issue IMHO.
I would probably bet that a valve dropped as others have suggested, the tuning you have I ran in my LB7 from 2005-2014 when I sold the truck.
It sucks when stuff breaks.........